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Alpine transhumance is transhumance as practiced in the Alps, that is, a seasonal droving of grazing livestock between the valleys in winter and the high mountain pastures in summer (German ''ドイツ語:Alpwirtschaft, Almwirtschaft'' from the term for "seasonal mountain pasture", ''ドイツ語:Alp, Alm''). Transhumance is a traditional practice that has shaped much of the landscape in the Alps, as without it, most areas below would be forests. While tourism and industry contribute today much to Alpine economy, seasonal migration to high pastures is still practiced in Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia, Italy and Switzerland, except in their most frequented tourist centers. In some places, cattle are taken care of by local farmer families who move to higher places. In others, this job is for herdsmen who are employees of the cooperative owning the pastures.〔Lauber S., Herzog F., Seidl I., Böni R., Bürgi M., Gmür P., Hofer G., Mann S., Raaflaub M., Schick M., Schneider M., Wunderli R. (eds.) (2013) Zukunft der Schweizer Alpwirtschaft. Fakten, Analysen und Denkanstösse aus dem Forschungsprogramm AlpFUTUR. Birmensdorf, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL; Zürich-Reckenholz, Forschungsanstalt Agroscope. 200 S. (in German, French and Italian, see www.alpfutur.ch)〕 Most Alpine pastures are below ; all are below .〔The alp of Bréona (Valais) is among the highest, with buildings at 2,435 m and pastures reaching as high as 2,800 m.()〕 The higher regions not suitable for transhumance are known as the High Alps. The German word ''Alp'' or ''Alm'' (meaning "seasonal mountain pasture", from Old High German ''alpa, alba'') is originally identical to the name of the ''Alps'' (German ''Alpen'') itself, probably a pre-Roman (and possibly pre-Indo-European) term for "mountain". 〔 ''Alp'', ''Alb'', ''Alm'' (feminine); see Wolfgang Pfeifer (ed.) ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen'' (1995, 7th ed. 2004, s.v. "Alp") and ''Schweizerisches Idiotikon'' (I.193 ). The word was etymologized as meaning "white" (PIE '' *albh-'', Latin ''albus'') from an early time (at least since the Roman era), and it is impossible to say for certain whether this is the true etymology, of whether the word has an unrelated pre-Roman or even pre-Celtic origin. Friedrich von Tschudi, ''Landwirthschaftliches Lesebuch für die Schweizerische Jugend'' (1863, cited in ''Idiotikon'') states explicitly that ''Alpen'' in dialectal usage does not refer to the mountain ranges as a whole, but exclusively to the high pastures, while "people are completely indifferent towards the barren parts of the high mountains ((they refer to as ) the 'wild' (opposed to 'tame', ''zam'' ) mountain)" (''(Volk ) ist gegen die unwirtlichen Teile des Hochgebirges (den 'wilden' Berg) vollkommen gleichgültig''). The variant form ''Alm'' develops in the late 15th century out of the oblique cases ''alben''. Duden now treats ''Alm'' as the unmarked Standard German form, while the more conservative ''Alp'' is marked as "rural, especially Swiss and West-Austrian". Variant forms of the word, such as ''alpe'', ''arpe'', ''arpette'', ''aulp'', etc. are found in toponymy. 〕 In French, the corresponding word for "alpine pasture" is ''alpage''.〔("Temporary Residences (mayen, alpage, remointse and mazot)" (valdherens-tourisme.ch) )〕 ==History== Evidence survives of a transhumance economy in the Alps dating to the later Neolithic period (c. 3000 BCE).〔 discussed "...mixed farming, ''mobile stock keeping'', and dairying" (emphasis added) around 3500–2500 BCE〕 with evidence for pastures above the treeline reported for the Bronze Age (17th to 11th centuries BCE) in the Northern Limestone Alps.〔 Franz Mandl, (Almen und Salz, Hallstatts bronzezeitliche Dachsteinalmen (Zwischenbericht) ), 1 February 2007. Calibrated C-14 dates (between 1030 BCE and 1685 BCE) for remnants of wooden shelters in the Dachsteingebirge at elevations between 1,600 m and 2,070 m.〕 The transhumance system in the Alps has remained virtually unchanged since at least the High Middle Ages, with a document referring to a summer pasture from 1204.〔(Barker 114 )〕 Along the edge of the Alps, starting around 1300 in west and central Switzerland and a little later in eastern Switzerland, cattle production became the primary agricultural activity. A number of specialized cattle markets grew up in Arona, Bellinzona, Como and Varese in the south and Villeneuve in the west. In these communities on the edge of the Alps, transhumance included both the vertical movement of cattle to the alpine pastures as well as horizontal movement to the cattle markets. In the communities located in the central Alps, the herds were more diverse. Generally there were large herds of sheep with much smaller cattle herds and other animals such as pigs and goats.〔(Barker 115 )〕 While the inhabitants of the Alps had practised transhumance for thousands of years, during the Late Middle Ages it became increasingly important as the population decreased following the Black Death and the wars of this era.〔 Cattle production was much less manpower-intensive than farming, which was ideal with the reduced population. However, cattle production is much more capital- and especially land-intensive. Cattle production became an investment opportunity for monasteries and citizens of nearby cities. The investors would purchase the cattle and then rent the beasts out to small farmers or to herders for the summer. The smaller alpine communities generally did not want "foreign" cattle pastured in their alpine pastures, which led to conflicts between the alpine farming communities and the neighboring cities and monasteries.〔 Conflicts over grazing rights and ownership of the alpine meadows led to several wars within what is now Switzerland,〔 including the pivotal Battle of Morgarten (1315), which started due to a long-simmering feud between Schwyz and Einsiedeln Abbey. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alpine transhumance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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